Academic Styles

    American Psychological Association (APA)

    American Psychological Association (APA) format began as guidelines for social and behavioral science authors but has since been adopted by other disciplines, for example, business and nursing. The Style Guide information below was generated using the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2010. For more information, see Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.

    APA In-Text Citations

    One author

    Format

    (Surname, year, p. page number)

    Example

    (Smith, 2013, p. 245)

    Two authors

    Format

    (Surname & Surname, year, p. page number)

    Example

    (Smith, 2013, p. 245)

    Three authors

    Format

    (Surname, Surname, & Surname, year, p. page number)

    Example

    (Smith & Potter, 2012, p. 45)

    Four authors

    Format

    Initial citation:

    (Surname, Surname, Surname, & Surname, year, p. page number)

    ubsequent citations: (Surname et al., year, p. page number)

    Example

    Initial citation: (Smith, Morris, Johnson, & Potter, 2010, p. 87)

    Subsequent citations: (Smith et al., 2010, p. 87)

    Five authors

    Format

    Initial citation: (Surname, Surname, Surname, Surname, & Surname, year, p. page number)

    Subsequent citations: (Surname et al., year, p. page number)

    Example

    Initial citation: (Smith, Morris, Johnson, Washington, & Potter, 2009, p. 95)

    Subsequent citations: (Smith et al., 2009, p. 95)

    Six or more authors

    Format

    (Surname et al., year, p. page number)

    Example

    (Smith et al., 2008, p. 38)

    Multiple works

    Format

    Cite multiple works in alphabetical order with each work separated by a semi-colon.

    Example

    (Smith et al., 2008; Washington & Potter, 2006)

    Indirect citations

    Format

    (Surname, year, as cited in Surname, year, p. page number)

    Example

    (Smith et al., 2008, as cited in Washington, 2005, p. 456)

    Organizational author

    Format

    Initial citation: (Organization Name [acronym, if any], year, p. page number)

    Subsequent citations: (Acronym, year, p. page number)

    Example

    Initial citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2004, p. 265)

    Subsequent citations: (APA, 2004, p. 265)

    APA References

    Book

    Format

    Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date). Book title. Place of Publication: Publisher.

    Example

    Bredenkoetter, S. (1989). The measure of success is success. Raleigh, NC: Smith Publishing

    Article in an Edited Book

    Format

    Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date). Article name. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book name (pp. page range). Place of Publication: Publisher.

    Example

    Green, U. S. (2003). Lean implementation. In C. W. Jones, F. R. Fink, & G. Holmes (Eds.), Business basics (pp. 267-298). New York: University Publications.

    Journal Article (volume only)

    Format

    Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date). Article name. Journal Name, volume, page range.

    Example

    Smith, S., & Becker, C. (2002). The editing process. Grammar Quarterly, 5, 275-312.

    Newspaper Article

    Format

    Author, A. A. (date). Article name. Newspaper Name, p (or pp). page number(s) or range.

    Example

    Hesek, E. D. (2012, June 1). Polish your resume. Democrat and Chronicle, p. E8.

    Non-Periodical Web Document

    Format

    Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date). Document name. Retrieved from URL

    Example

    Johnson, T. (2007). Finding editing and proofreading jobs in the Internet. Retrieved from http://polishedpaper.com/becomeaneditor.

    Journal Article Found on the Web (DOI)

    Format

    Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date). Article name. Journal Name, volume(issue), page range. doi: numbers/letters

    Example

    Vico, D. F., & Wheaton, F. T. (2012). Editors and those who love them. Journal of Professional Editing and Proofreading, 12(3), 57-64. doi: 12.B43325632.62

    Journal Article Found on the Web (without DOI)

    Format

    Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date). Article name. Journal Name, volume(issue), page range. Retrieved from URL

    Example

    Stark, E., Lannister, T., Bolton, R., Snow, J., & Tulley, H. (2012, June). Anthropological characteristics of pre-modern man. Anthropology Today, 25(3), 548-596. Retrieved from http://anthrotoday/SEL/articles/253

    Lecture Notes Found on the Web (PowerPoint slides)

    Format

    Author, A. A. (year).Lecture name [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from Website Name: URL

    Example

    Johnston, G. F. (2012). Transcription, an introduction [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from the Polished Paper Website: http://www.polishedpaper.com

    Online Dictionary

    Format

    Word. (n.d.). In Dictionary name. Retrieved from URL

    Example

    Editing. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/